Figure 1.

Key:

Direct lines within the flow or feedback

Indirect lines of communication

Primary Outputs – Publications, trained researchers

Secondary Outputs – Policies from national, local and professional bodies

Final Outcomes – Health and equity gains, cost-effectiveness and economic benefits

Source: Adapted from S Hanney, S Kuruvilla: HRSPA Project 4: Utilisation of research to inform policy, practice and public understanding and improve health and health equity. WHO/Wellcome Trust Technical Workshop. London, January 2002; and S Hanney et al 2000, Evaluation, 6, published by Sage [29].